Libmonster ID: RU-17264
Автор(ы) публикации: Mikhail GLUBOKOVSKY

by Mikhail GLUBOKOVSKY, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Director of the All-Russia Research Institute of Fishing and Oceanography (Moscow)

In October 2013, the All-Union (today All-Russia) Research Institute of Fishing and Oceanography (VNIRO), the leading institution in a relevant branch of national economy, celebrates its 80th anniversary. In 1983 it was awarded Order of the Red Banner of Labour for successes in the development of agricultural science and introduction of progressive methods of catch and processing of fish.

стр. 52

According to the regulations approved in 1933 by the USSR People's Commissar of Procurement Anastas Mikoyan, a newly established institution was entrusted with the responsibility "to carry out a comprehensive research of sea water bodies, their natural production and primary resources (fish, invertebrates, seaweeds) for the purpose of development, use, and establishment of operating forms and practices".

To address the set tasks, scientists needed laboratories of marine physics and chemistry, sea geology, biology, ichthyology, reproduction of primary sources, exploration technologies, and economy. Institutes of Sea Fishing and Oceanography in Murmansk, Vladivostok, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Kerch and on Sakhalin, scientific stations in Rostov-on-Don, Odessa, Batumi, Astrakhan, Baku, Guryev, Makhachkala, Tobolsk and other cities made part of the Institute as its branches. The Institute also incorporated Murmansk Meteorological Observatory, in 1935 the All-Union Research Institute of Fishing Industry was added to it.

From the moment of formation of the Institute, many outstanding scientists worked there, for example, the zoologist and biologist, USSR AS Academician Sergei Zernov, the ichthyologist and hydrobiologist, Azerbaijani AS Academician Alexander Derzhavin, oceanologists Drs. Sc. (Geogr.) Anatoly Yelizarov and Nikolai Zubov, hydrobiologist Dr. Sc. (Biol.) Boris Manteifel (in the 1950-1960s he led the section of submarine studies of the USSR AS Committee for Oceanography), ichthyologist Dr. Sc. (Biol.) Yuly Marti, known as a founder of biology of saltwater and freshwater fish of Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, hydrobiologist Professor Ivan Mesyatsev, one of the founders of national oceanology, who in 1921 organized the Floating Marine Research Institute, the first predecessor of VNIRO; zoologist and ichthyologist Pyotr Schmidt who did a lot for studies of ichthyofauna in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and Far-Eastern seas of Russia and worked in the capacity of academic secretary of the USSR AS Committee for the Pacific Ocean from 1930 to 1949. We can also name founder of the national fishing hydrobiology Alexander Shorygin, who initiated a series of major scientific projects (the most well-known resulted in acclimatization of bristle worms or polychaetes Nereis and bivalves Abra in the Caspian Sea, which allowed to double the population of sturgeon there).

While before the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 specialists employed at the Institute studied prime resources and habitat of our continental and adjacent seas, developed methods of their rational use and new fishing and processing equipment, in the post-war period the scope of functions expanded with a complex research of biological resources for oceanic fishing, artificial reproduction of valuable commercial species, sea-farming, and fish processing technologies.

Active oceanic fishing in our country commenced in the mid-1950s with the development of resources of Norwegian, Northern, and Bering Seas, Northern Atlantic Ocean, and the Gulf of Alaska in the Pacific Ocean. In 1958-1964, on the initiative and under guidance of Pyotr Moiseyev, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), Deputy Director of the Institute, specialists of the Institute in conjunction with the scientists of the Pacific Research Institute of Fishing and Oceanography (TINRO) organized and held a complex Bering scientific fishing expedition in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea. They discovered and recommended to the national fishing fleet new commercial species and fishing areas, developed a complex approach

стр. 53

to commercial fish search in the World Ocean. Pioneer studies together with the experience obtained in other expeditions drew our country to the leaders of fishing, alongside with Japan and USA, in the 1960s-1980s. The USSR caught: in 1960--3.0 mln tons, ten years later-- 7.3 mln tons, in 1980-9.7 mln tons, in 1989--11.4 mln tons, in 1990--7.9 mln tons of hydrobionts.

This very period many remote branches of our Institute were reorganized into independent entities that first operated within the USSR Minrybprom structure and later with the USSR Minrybkhoz, in both cases guided by the Institute. Numerous expeditions organized together with the basin institutes and search fleet in the open waters of the World Ocean were accompanied by preparation of recommendations on the development of water resources, extraction and processing technologies. It is necessary to point out that mid- and long-term forecasts on the state of marine and freshwater ecosystems and associated biological resources are a priority line of fishing science. And specialists of the Institute made a lot for its formation and initial development.

Impressive biological discoveries of the late 20th century made in the World Ocean--the "horse mackerel belt" in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean and the "anchovy belt" along the southern polar frontal zone-are associated with research works of national scientists within joint branch and complex target programs. Super large-scale sample takes* of the "horse mackerel belt" were made under a common plan by a number of insti-

*Sea sample takes are made using research equipment to determine density of fish concentrations, calculate the population and biomass of fish by age, and assess oceanographic characteristics of the region.--Ed.

tutes with five or six vessels used simultaneously headed in all cases by the Institute's ship.

In the course of sea expeditions, our specialists collected a unique collection: it is not by chance that many ichthyological museums of the world keep these pieces in their collections.

Today fundamental works of the Institute specialists on systematization, ichthyogeography, fish ecology of the World Ocean, species of fish and invertebrates of the Arctic and Far-Eastern seas are well-known. Our scientists steadily keep the leading position in studying reproduction mechanisms of fishes and ichthyoplankton, its specific composition, ecological and geographical variability, adaptation mechanisms, survival and mortality of commercial fish roe and larvae.

Along with the expeditions to the World Ocean, the Institute in conjunction with other territorial research centers continued studies of biological resources of national seas (Baltic Sea Expedition of 1948-1949, Black Sea Expedition of 1948-1950, Bering Sea Expedition of 1958-1964, etc.), especially in the south of the USSR, which was connected with a planned construction of hydraulic facilities on inflowing rivers, acclimatization of hydrobionts and changing capacity of water bodies. These fundamental studies were recognized as classical--they were highly appreciated both in our country and abroad and are of current interest even today.

Specialists of the Institute can be proud of over 50 fundamental and about 100 strategic achievements. The former include works on systematization of open ocean fishes and waters of Antarctic regions, ichthyogeogra-

стр. 54

phy, ecology of main commercial species, development of bases for ichthyoplankton studies, trophic interactions in every life period of commercial species of fish, crab, and krill. We can also mention evaluations of the potential of the World Ocean in biohydrochemical bases of formation of biological productivity, assessments of oceans and separate commercial species by fish productivity, development of biological resources of the above-mentioned "horse mackerel" and "anchovy" belts, and the "krill belt" in the Antarctic regions. Scientists of the Institute managed to trace dynamics in the level of population of mass oceanic fishes and its interrelation with climatic changes with 20 and 60-year intervals.

Our strategic achievements comprise studies of biological resources of the seas of Russia and the World Ocean from the viewpoint of national fishing industry. They cover the whole range of applied scientific works: creation of the echo sounder NEL-5R and its supply for the needs of fishing fleet from 1955, development of the fish-searching complex Sargan-K, trawling probes, instruments to study the habitat of commercial species, identification and development of methods of preservation and rational use of bioresources. Complex studies, together with the Pacific Institute, of biological resources of the Bering Sea and the Gulf of Alaska carried out in 1958-1965 made it possible to fish out some million tons of grouper, halibut, flounder, shrimps, etc. in the 1960-1970s (for example, 1.8 tons of pollack were fished out in 1972). Joint studies of bioresources carried out together with the Atlantic, Azov-Black Sea and Pacific Institutes of Fishing and Oceanography in the Antarctic regions (1964-1990) enabled to fish out up to 500,000 tons of krill and up to 100,000 tons of anchovy. Specialists of our Institute developed modern technologies of artificial reproduction of sturgeon and salmon fishes, crustaceans. They also proposed waste-free technologies of processing of bioresources to manufacture food and medical products, cosmetics, and feeding products. They developed an antisepticfree pasteurization method of roe of the sturgeon and ordinary fishes, thus ensuring longer preservation and better quality.

There is another important success I'd like to mention: for the last 5 years scientists of the Institute in

стр. 55

conjunction with the scientific teams of territorial research institutes have expanded fishery resources and improved regulatory mechanisms within the branch, which made it possible to increase the total volume of catching by 1 mln tons (in 2011 it was 4.39 mln tons in Russia)--the highest catching level for the last 11 years.

To prevent dangerous depletion of biological resources, you need to know numerical criteria of fishing without causing damage to a certain water body. Proceeding from the calculations made, we created an industry-specific system of assessment of resources that can also be used to determine total volumes of permissible catching of bioresources of the World Ocean; scientists developed scientific fundamentals and technologies of increasing fish production for separate seas (Azov and Caspian seas) and large oceanic basins.

Biological catastrophes in Russia (eutrophication*, introduction of a free-floating invertebrate to the Azov-Black Sea Basin and Caspian Sea) caused by changes in river streams and pollution made the Institute together with territorial institutes, RAS institutions, and the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute, take up the problem of variability of marine ecosystems. The complex mesoscale surveys of Caspian, Black, White, Bering, and Okhotsk seas, Artic and Antarctic regions in 1989-2012 helped to understand influence of their physical and hydrochemical parameters on biological and fish productivity.

To track ships in the sea, a system of satellite monitoring for marine operations and collecting of business

*Eutrophication--deterioration of water quality, breach of oxygen regime, extinction of valuable fish species, aggravation of conditions for recreation and navigation affected by anthropogenic factors.--Ed.

стр. 56

statistics was developed. Data obtained from the orbit are used to make maps of water temperature. Modern information technologies and mathematical modeling are of great help to assess reserves and determine permissible catching volumes.

As for the hydrobiological activities of the Institute, the main role is attached to studies of the coastal zone of national seas abundant with biological resources: tens of millions of tons of seaweed and sea grass, hundreds of thousands of tons of echinoderms, shell-fishes and other invertebrates, a considerable number of settled and migrant species. In addition, important reproduction phases of numerous valuable fish species take place and essentials of the production potential of open sea ecosystems are formed on the border of dry land and the sea.

In the 1990s, a comprehensive approach to studies of coastline ecosystems to identify sustainability assessment mechanisms was developed. It is applied for working out biologically substantiated measures to regulate business, calculate admissible use of certain reserve units*, and forecast replenishment of individual generations.

In the context of a new political reality, there sprang up a pressing problem of population structure in the areas bordering with other countries (for example, Baltic and Caspian seas) and of conventional (specified in written international treaties) reserves. It is also important for assessment of population dynamics of Pacific salmon, pollack, cod, and other biological resources, which requires comprehensive genetic studies and other methods of differentiation of fishes from different populations.

*Reserve unit--spatially isolated part of the total reserve of a specific fish species in a water body, considered as an object of commercial fishing.--Ed.

Studies of primary resources are useless without environmental research. Specialists of our institute established long-period dependence of reserves of pollack, salmon, and cod (primary national commercial species) on large-scale climate indices (reflecting development of abnormal circulations in the atmosphere) of Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Thus, thermal conditions and space-time changes in the state of North Atlantic fluctuations* noticeably influence reproduction of cod, haddock, capelin and Scandinavian herring in Norwegian and Barents seas. For example, occurrence of abundant cod generations depends on favorable wind conditions in spawning areas, and development of larvae and fry; it is typical of the years characterized by an insignificant lapse rate pressure field in the Barents Sea in late winter-early spring seasons. Besides, abundant year classes of these fish are mostly typical of the periods of increased salinity and temperature of inflowing intermediate Atlantic waters under tendency to lowering the North Atlantic fluctuations index.

Active development of oil and gas offshore deposits in the Russian seas aggravates one more problem -- protection of waters and bioresources from contamination, which requires more detailed ecological and toxicological studies and all-round control, including satellite monitoring. Development of these technologies is another pressing scientific task for the following years. Specialists of the Institute, by way of applying the GIS-technologies**, determined basic regularities of distri-

* North Atlantic fluctuations--periodical changes of atmospheric pressure caused by constantly "pulsing" Azores high and Icelandic low. These changes have effect on the power of North Atlantic winds that form weather in Europe.--Ed.

**GIS--geographical information system.--Ed.

стр. 57

bution of abiotic and biotic factors (including polluting agents) in marine ecosystems, and effects of toxicants on reproduction of water bioresources. Thus, in the Barents and White seas, there were found ecologically vulnerable areas. The same areas were identified in the north-western part of the Black Sea, planned for oil hydrocarbon explorations. In these areas, any business activities should be limited or prohibited.

Scientific support of artificial reproduction of aqueous biological resources and commercial aquatic species has always been among priority tasks of the Institute. Our specialists developed basic principles of acclimatization and farming of sturgeon, salmon, and ordinary fish, crustaceans and sea shells. Proposed breeding technologies have been implemented and are widely used by national and foreign enterprises (in Spain, Norway, South Korea).

Another task of scientific research is creation of new products in the laboratories of the Institute on the basis of aqueous biological resources: food and medical products, dietary supplements, forage and technical products. For example, they developed a technology of production of mussel meat dietary supplement (MIGI-K LP, i.e. mussel hydrolyzate) characterized by a unique, optimally balanced complex of elements (essential amino acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, macro- and microelements) necessary for human body. Safety and efficiency of this supplement have been proved by numerous clinical trials. Here is another example: we developed the technology of canned sea alga salads to enrich food ration of crews of spaceships and orbital stations.

It is difficult to ensure rational use of biological resources of seas and oceans without active interaction on the international level. That is why the Institute is supporting activities of 12 international fishing organizations, trying to promote the idea of expanding scientific studies outside of the exclusive economic territory of Russia. Such research works would solve two very important public tasks: to ensure food security and protect national geopolitical interests in the World Ocean.

Since September 1998, the Institute has also been functioning as a scientific branch of the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) in the Russian Federation in relation to sturgeon species. Our specialists effect expert evaluation of proposals, make recommendations mandatory to obtain export and import permissions for sturgeon species and related products, including fish roe.

стр. 58

Objects of intellectual property (patents for inventions, utility models, industrial samples, etc.) make part of the authorized capital of the Institute. We have ensured legal protection of key inventions associated with catching and commercial fishing, in the sphere of aquaculture and fish farming, water bioresources processing technologies (by the present moment, we have registered 224 author's certificates and 132 patents for inventions).

With the rapid development of technologies, patent information becomes more and more significant, since this very information gives a signal on innovation, and a correct strategy in this field serves as a real efficient instrument in the arsenal of out Institute. Relevant patent and licensing activities help to turn ideas into objects of intellectual property and ensure their marketability and complex protection.

The Institute gives consideration to training highly skilled young scientists, including foreign colleagues. Starting from 1935, when the post-graduate department was established, the Institute awarded its diplomas to over a thousand post-graduates, most of whom defended their theses to get scientific degrees of a candidate or a doctor of science in different fishing specialities. We should emphasize that the post-graduate department of the Institute is largest in the system of the Federal Agency for Fishing. High qualification of research supervisors, scientific base equipped with state-of-the-art machinery, computers, and a rich scientific library enable to train future specialists at the highest professional level.

Since 1973 the Institute has been participating in publishing the ASFA reference magazine (together with the UNO) dedicated to water sciences and fishing industry, as its national partner today. This contributes to a prompt distribution of information of the achievements in fishing industry and water problems among national scientists, promotes national successes abroad.

Alongside with that, we have been performing other publishing activities. For the last 80 years, we have released 800 scientific publications, including monographs, reference books, teachers' guides, etc. Scientific and technical library of the Institute is largest in the fishing industry. It has an unprecedented collection of rare books in marine biology, including unique publications issued from 1694 to 1917. The fund will soon be transformed into the Museum of Rare Books.

Guests of the Institute always visit the exposition in the museum The Deep-Water World, where they can see collection of corals and tropical shell-fishes, commercial fishes and mammals, models of research and fishing ships, diving equipment used by first divers, unique photomaterials in history of the first expeditions on the vessels Malygin and Perseus; in the aquarial complex they can learn about water farming technologies.

To conclude, I'd like to say that successful operation of the Institute and other scientific centers of the Rosrybolovstvo is essential to keep Russia on its leading positions in the field of fishing studies, scientifically substantiated management of aqueous biological resources, waste-free processing technologies and high-quality fish products.

Illustrations supplied by the author


© libmonster.ru

Постоянный адрес данной публикации:

https://libmonster.ru/m/articles/view/EIGHTY-YEARS-OF-SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH

Похожие публикации: LРоссия LWorld Y G


Публикатор:

Россия ОнлайнКонтакты и другие материалы (статьи, фото, файлы и пр.)

Официальная страница автора на Либмонстре: https://libmonster.ru/Libmonster

Искать материалы публикатора в системах: Либмонстр (весь мир)GoogleYandex

Постоянная ссылка для научных работ (для цитирования):

Mikhail GLUBOKOVSKY, EIGHTY YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH // Москва: Либмонстр Россия (LIBMONSTER.RU). Дата обновления: 10.11.2021. URL: https://libmonster.ru/m/articles/view/EIGHTY-YEARS-OF-SCIENTIFIC-RESEARCH (дата обращения: 29.03.2024).

Найденный поисковым роботом источник:


Автор(ы) публикации - Mikhail GLUBOKOVSKY:

Mikhail GLUBOKOVSKY → другие работы, поиск: Либмонстр - РоссияЛибмонстр - мирGoogleYandex

Комментарии:



Рецензии авторов-профессионалов
Сортировка: 
Показывать по: 
 
  • Комментариев пока нет
Похожие темы
Публикатор
Россия Онлайн
Москва, Россия
186 просмотров рейтинг
10.11.2021 (870 дней(я) назад)
0 подписчиков
Рейтинг
0 голос(а,ов)
Похожие статьи
ЛЕТОПИСЬ РОССИЙСКО-ТУРЕЦКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Каталог: Политология 
Вчера · от Zakhar Prilepin
Стихи, находки, древние поделки
Каталог: Разное 
2 дней(я) назад · от Денис Николайчиков
ЦИТАТИ З ВОСЬМИКНИЖЖЯ В РАННІХ ДАВНЬОРУСЬКИХ ЛІТОПИСАХ, АБО ЯК ЗМІНЮЄТЬСЯ СМИСЛ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПОВІДОМЛЕНЬ
Каталог: История 
4 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
Туристы едут, жилье дорожает, Солнце - бесплатное
Каталог: Экономика 
5 дней(я) назад · от Россия Онлайн
ТУРЦИЯ: МАРАФОН НА ПУТИ В ЕВРОПУ
Каталог: Политология 
6 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
ТУРЕЦКИЙ ТЕАТР И РУССКОЕ ТЕАТРАЛЬНОЕ ИСКУССТВО
8 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
Произведём расчёт виртуального нейтронного астрономического объекта значением размера 〖1m〗^3. Найдём скрытые сущности частиц, энергии и массы. Найдём квантовые значения нейтронного ядра. Найдём энергию удержания нейтрона в этом объекте, которая является энергией удержания нейтронных ядер, астрономических объектов. Рассмотрим физику распада нейтронного ядра. Уточним образование зоны распада ядра и зоны синтеза ядра. Каким образом эти зоны регулируют скорость излучения нейтронов из ядра. Как образуется материя ядра элементов, которая является своеобразной “шубой” любого астрономического объекта. Эта материя является видимой частью Вселенной.
Каталог: Физика 
9 дней(я) назад · от Владимир Груздов
Стихи, находки, артефакты
Каталог: Разное 
9 дней(я) назад · от Денис Николайчиков
ГОД КИНО В РОССИЙСКО-ЯПОНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ
9 дней(я) назад · от Вадим Казаков
Несправедливо! Кощунственно! Мерзко! Тема: Сколько россиян считают себя счастливыми и чего им не хватает? По данным опроса ФОМ РФ, 38% граждан РФ чувствуют себя счастливыми. 5% - не чувствуют себя счастливыми. Статистическая погрешность 3,5 %. (Радио Спутник, 19.03.2024, Встречаем Зарю. 07:04 мск, из 114 мин >31:42-53:40
Каталог: История 
10 дней(я) назад · от Анатолий Дмитриев

Новые публикации:

Популярные у читателей:

Новинки из других стран:

LIBMONSTER.RU - Цифровая библиотека России

Создайте свою авторскую коллекцию статей, книг, авторских работ, биографий, фотодокументов, файлов. Сохраните навсегда своё авторское Наследие в цифровом виде. Нажмите сюда, чтобы зарегистрироваться в качестве автора.
Партнёры библиотеки
EIGHTY YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
 

Контакты редакции
Чат авторов: RU LIVE: Мы в соцсетях:

О проекте · Новости · Реклама

Либмонстр Россия ® Все права защищены.
2014-2024, LIBMONSTER.RU - составная часть международной библиотечной сети Либмонстр (открыть карту)
Сохраняя наследие России


LIBMONSTER NETWORK ОДИН МИР - ОДНА БИБЛИОТЕКА

Россия Беларусь Украина Казахстан Молдова Таджикистан Эстония Россия-2 Беларусь-2
США-Великобритания Швеция Сербия

Создавайте и храните на Либмонстре свою авторскую коллекцию: статьи, книги, исследования. Либмонстр распространит Ваши труды по всему миру (через сеть филиалов, библиотеки-партнеры, поисковики, соцсети). Вы сможете делиться ссылкой на свой профиль с коллегами, учениками, читателями и другими заинтересованными лицами, чтобы ознакомить их со своим авторским наследием. После регистрации в Вашем распоряжении - более 100 инструментов для создания собственной авторской коллекции. Это бесплатно: так было, так есть и так будет всегда.

Скачать приложение для Android