With the arrival of Russian people on the lands of Transbaikalia, numerous settlements (ostrogs, towns, villages, villages) appeared, and in the 80 - 90s of the XVII century, local shopping centers were formed, connected with the most important economic regions of the European part of Russia.

Trade relations of Transbaikalia with other regions of Siberia and the European part of Russia are considered in many works 1 . However, the import of Russian handicrafts to the Trans-Baikal territory to meet the needs of the local population is still poorly studied. Data from the Irkutsk and Nerchinsk customs registers of 1692-1700 allow us to highlight this issue. (the books of Udinsk, Kabansk, Ilinsk and other Trans-Baikal customs offices have not been preserved) 2 . Unlike the customs books of European Russia and Western Siberia, the Irkutsk and Nerchinsk customs books did not record the goods of visiting (nonresident) merchants separately. But on the other hand, their names, social status, place of residence, what goods they came from and where they are going are indicated.

Trans-Baikal Territory received items of Siberian handicrafts, hops, honey, wax, bread, furs, Chinese fabrics and goods from the European part of Russia. The main flow of them went to Transbaikalia from Irkutsk through Baikal along the Ude, Chita, Ingoda, and Shilka rivers to Nerchinsk; this route in Transbaikalia was the most convenient and shortest .3
Industrial goods, especially fabrics , occupied a leading position in the assortment of Russian goods (i.e., manufactured in the more western regions of Russia) arriving in Transbaikalia at the end of the 17th century (their nomenclature included more than 110 items) .4 Canvas and broadcloth fabrics were distinguished by the number of deliveries. Less people traded in silk (raw silk, fabrics, clothing), which was determined by the nature of demand of the local population. The bulk of silk fabrics were imported here from China. Among the textile products made from animal raw materials, there were sheepskins and fur products. Foreign-made fabrics (for example, Hamburg, English, Lyatchina, Yarenka, karmazin, shiptukha, etc.) were imported to Transbaikalia in small quantities. The need for fur clothing was met mainly by local production. Ferrous and non-ferrous metals and products made from them were second only to fabrics in terms of the number of imported goods. With the development of local lead-silver, iron and later copper ores, the import of metals, especially iron semi-finished products (laying, wire, rods, polices), decreases. The greatest demand of the local population was for agricultural tools - pink salmon scythes, ploughshares, sickles, axes, etc.

Among non-industrial goods, food products of plant origin predominated, and foreign ones (spices, fruits, berries, sugar) were imported in quantities significantly smaller than domestic ones (hops, honey, and wax), which were delivered from Omsk, Kuznetsk, Yeniseysk, and Krasnoyarsk.

1 Kashik O. I. Trade in Eastern Siberia in the 17th - early 18th centuries. In: Questions of the History of Siberia and the Far East. Novosibirsk. 1961; Aleksandrov V. A. Russia on the Far Eastern borders (the second half of the XVII century). Moscow, 1969, pp. 39-44, 204-239; Shchunkov V. I. Voprosy agrarnoi istorii Rossii. Moscow, 1974, pp. 218-223; Chimitdorzhiev Sh. B. Vzaimodeystviya Mongolia i Rossii v XVII-XVIII vv. Moscow, 1978, p. 91-96; Leontieva G. A. The role of service people in the commercial and industrial life of Nerchinsk in the second half of the XVII-beginning of the XVIII century. In: Cities of Siberia. Novosibirsk. 1978.

2 TSGADA SSSR, F. Sibirskiy prikaz, kn.: 1012, 1037, 1073, 1092, 1124, 1133, 1221. 1228, 1257, 1258, 1260.

3 Ways to Eastern Siberia are described in detail: Bakhrushin S. V. Nauchnye trudy [Scientific Works], vol. 3, part 1, Moscow, 1955, pp. 134-135.

4 The nomenclature of Russian goods of the Tobolsk market of 1694-1695 included 80 items (Vilkov O. N. Craft and trade of Western Siberia in the XVII century, Moscow, 1967, p. 121).

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In the Irkutsk and Nerchinsk customs books, you can find records of Yaroslavl, Ustyuzha, Usolsky, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. goods. They were delivered to Transbaikalia from 24 cities and regions of Russia. Especially often and regularly appeared here merchants of Veliky Ustyug, Lalsk, Salt Vychegodskaya, Yarensk and other cities of Pomerania. Residents of Tobolsk, Irkutsk and other Siberian cities also traded in Transbaikalia. The role of civil servants and posadsky people: these cities in Trans-Baikal trade increased. The Trans-Baikal region's market relations, reinforced in the late 17th century by the oncoming trips of Siberians "to Russia" for goods, began to have a stronger and more stable character. The strengthening of these ties was reflected in the fact that the same people (Filatievs, Nikitins, Oskolkovs, Shangins, Noritsyns, Bobrovskys, Ushakovs, Zarovnyans, etc.) traded with Transbaikalia.

The dominant position in the import of Russian goods to Transbaikalia was occupied by merchants from the European part of Russia, and among them the Pomors. Their share did not fall below 65-70% of the value and 60-75% of the turnout of Russian goods, while the share of Siberians did not rise above 30% in value and 25-30% in the number of turnouts. During 1692-1700, 22 local merchants ' turnouts were recorded (Udine - 5, Selenga - 7, Nerchinsk - 10 turnouts).

The cost of individual shipments of goods presented by merchants in European Russia ranged from 1 to 995 rubles, and Siberians - from 3 to 576 rubles, while in most cases-from 5 to 150 rubles. Lots with a cost of 200-600 rubles are isolated. During 1692-1700, merchants supplied 35,000 rubles 'worth of Russian goods, while guests supplied 16,000 rubles' worth of Russian goods. According to the average cost of one turnout, the privileged merchants outnumbered the unprivileged merchants by 1.5-2 times. Among the latter were the merchants of Pomerania. Some of them, for example, the Yarenchans G. Oskolkov, I. and S. Shangin, conducted a lively cattle trade in Transbaikalia and participated in the supply of Russian goods to Nerchinsk .5 The major merchants Filatievs, Nikitins, Luzins, Gostevs, and Ushakovs participated in the import of goods to Transbaikalia .6
Russian goods (hops, honey, wax, handicrafts) were regularly supplied to the Trans-Baikal Territory by the civil servants and townspeople of Siberian cities, especially Yeniseysk7 . Products of the Yenisei blacksmith trade (axes, knives, coulters, scythes, hooks, staples) came here. They were brought by both the producers themselves and the buyers 8 . At the same time, quite strong trade relations with the Baikal region were established. Merchants and their agents brought bread, cattle, and products of local crafts and crafts from there to Transbaikalia .9
Trade in imported Russian goods in exchange for Siberian furs was developed. It was the main subject of Trans-Baikal export, and the demand for it on domestic and foreign markets contributed to drawing this region of Eastern Siberia into the emerging All-Russian market. A certain amount of furs was directly traded on the Nerchinsk market, but a significant part of it was bought in large quantities in Nerchinsk by clerks of merchants and guests for shipment to China .10 Merchants and visitors bought furs not only from Russian industrialists, but also from the indigenous population. This bargain was very profitable for service people and merchants 11 .

The nature of the importation of goods into the Trans-Baikal Territory and their export "to Russia", the non-equivalence of the exchange of Russian goods for Trans-Baikal and Siberian goods, the dominance of the merchants of the European part of Russia in local trade - all this characterized the peculiarities of the position of the Trans-Baikal Territory, as well as other regions of Siberia, as part of Russia.

6 TSGADA SSSR, F. Sibirskiy prikaz, kn. 1037, l. 441: kn. 1073, ll. 157, 296, 376ob., 462; kn. 1092, ll. 32, 64ob., 70; kn. 1124, l. 15; kn. 1258, l. 6.

6 Ibid., kn. 1012, l. 13; kn. 1073, ll. 60-61, 122ob., 145, 306, 329, 339, 376, 377, 424, 546, 478, 501ob.; kn. 1092, ll. 41, 135, 146, 311; kn. 1124, ll. 23, 24 34ob., 37, 40ob.; kn. 1133, ll. 34ob., 134ob.; kn. 1228, ll. 26, 27, 124, 276, 520, 531.

7 Ibid.: kn. 1012; ll. 8, 60; kn. 1073, ll. 8, 10, 108, 180, 330, 345. 376, 423, 424; kn. 1133, ll. 113, 113ob., 251, 252, 349; kn. 1228, ll. 201 ob., 360-360ob., 366, 395, 473.

8 Ibid., kn. 1228, ll. 457ob.; LOII. Nerchinsk acts, 113, l. 50.

9 Kashik O. I. Uk. soch., p. 188.

10 Aleksandrov V. A. Uk. soch.. pp. 216-218.

11 LOII, Irkutsk acts, 74, l. 8.

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