questions:

1. The essence of educational work and features of its content in modern conditions.

2. The place and role of officers in educational work during the period of military reform.

At all times and in all armies, the formation of the military spirit was given priority. The spiritual potential of the army was and is the mainstay of its strength and represents a powerful moral and psychological capital. Throughout its existence, the Russian Armed Forces have accumulated quite a significant spiritual capital. To preserve and increase it is the task of the current generation of defenders of the Fatherland.

1

One of the fundamental factors for maintaining and improving the military spirit is educational work.

Its importance in the army is difficult to overestimate. One of the founders of the military pedagogical school of the Russian army, General M. I. Dragomirov, believed that " the education of a soldier should be placed above education, and therefore should attract priority and every minute attention...". These words have not lost their relevance today.

The history of the Fatherland knows many examples when stronger-minded troops won a victory over better-armed enemy troops, but morally weaker. That is why it is so important to carry out systematically thought-out, purposeful educational work, which life itself increasingly puts at the forefront of ensuring military reform. Why is this happening?

First, there were fundamental changes in the spiritual sphere of public life. There is a moral disorientation of young people. Under these conditions, the values that always, regardless of the political situation, were cementing in society, in the army - a sense of patriotism, readiness to serve the Motherland, loyalty to military duty, pride in belonging to the Armed Forces-were devalued (devalued).

Secondly, the object of education itself has changed radically. The personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation ceased to be a homogeneous mass, leveled and averaged through a single party ideology.

Third, in addition to the change in the content of educational work, the old infrastructure (the"skeleton" of educational work), which is a network of party, Komsomol and public organizations, various assets and movements, was destroyed. Because of this, managers lost a serious support in their activities.

This situation objectively required the creation of an updated system of educational work and mechanisms for its implementation, ensuring the effectiveness of its functioning.

The result of the work of military theorists and practitioners was the "Concept of Education of military personnel of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation", which appeared in 1998, and was approved by the Coordination Council under the President of the Russian Federation for Educational Work in the Armed Forces, other troops, and military formations.

It is a training program for personnel. It defines: the essence, goals and objectives, content of the educational system, pedagogical technology of educational work, and other issues.

Education ( as a pedagogical process) is a purposeful, systematic, joint work of educators and students in the interests of comprehensive formation and development of the soldier's personality, encouraging him to improve himself.

The main goals of parenting can be considered on 3 levels:

- education of a serviceman as a citizen of a legal, democratic and federal state;

- education of a serviceman as an armed defender of the Russian Federation;

- education of a professional specialist.

In terms of content, the emphasis is placed on those values that need to be used as a spiritual support in the education of military personnel. For this period of reform, this is the main thing, since the" technology " of education has not changed significantly.

The search for spiritual and moral foundations of education allowed us to formulate ideas that form the framework of educational work in the army and navy: "Russian state patriotism", "loyalty to military duty", "readiness to protect the interests of the Russian Federation". Briefly, they can be designated as: "Russia", "Duty", "Professionalism". Despite the ideological and political differences in people's views and attitudes, they have something in common that unites them-the Fatherland, love and loyalty to it. For the Armed Forces, the main factor is their unity and cohesion of actions.

Education of personnel should be comprehensive and should be based on the following areas:: state-patriotic, military, moral, legal, economic, aesthetic, physical, environmental, etc.

State-patriotic education is aimed at the formation and development of a person who has the most important qualities of a citizen-patriot of Russia and is able to perform professional duties in peacetime and wartime.

The main ways of state-patriotic education are::

- resolution of contradictions in the process of forming a citizen-patriot, taking into account the conditions of the modern period of Russian statehood;

- improvement of education in the spirit of friendship of the peoples of the Russian Federation;

- education of military personnel based on the heroic traditions of the peoples of Russia and the Armed Forces;

- creative use of the educational potential of various religious confessions, etc.

Military education consists in systematically and purposefully influencing the spiritual and physical development of military personnel in the interests of training them as armed defenders of the Fatherland.

The main ways of military education are:

- implementation of the indissoluble unity of the process of education and training of military personnel;

- observance of strict statutory order in the organization of all service, everyday life in military units (divisions);

- ensuring the security of military service and moral and psychological support for each serviceman in various types of military activities;

- simulation of real conditions and conditions of modern combat in the educational process;

- ensuring personal integrity of all categories of officials;

- using the existing system of military rituals in the Armed Forces, etc.

Moral education is considered as influencing the consciousness, feelings and will of military personnel in order to form their moral traits and qualities (honesty, conscientiousness, dignity, honor, etc.).

The main ways of moral education are:

- arming military personnel with knowledge of society's requirements for their professional and moral character, ensuring the social significance of their military service;

- stimulating the need for moral self-improvement of military personnel, their desire for a positive moral ideal;

- ensuring the flexibility of educational influences, their improvement in accordance with the achieved level of moral maturity of military personnel;

- purposeful organization of morally significant activities of military personnel, in the process of which the personal meaning of moral principles and norms is formed, realized and experienced;

- the use of methods, forms and moral incentives of education that encourage moral feelings and responsibility;

- analysis and accounting of public opinion, socio-psychological climate, individual characteristics of soldiers, etc.

Legal education is a purposeful systematic influence on the consciousness and psyche of military personnel in the interests of forming stable legal views and ideas, beliefs and feelings, instilling in them the skills of practical use of legal knowledge in everyday life and activities.

Aesthetic education is aimed at the versatile development of the emotional and sensual sphere of the spiritual world of military personnel (to develop a sense of beauty, the sublime, the noble, etc.).

Physical education promotes strengthening of health and hardening, formation of strong-willed, fighting and psychological qualities.

Environmental education is designed to form ecological thinking among military personnel, as well as necessary economic, legal, moral, and aesthetic views on nature and the place of man in it in order to protect and protect the environment.

The purpose of educational work is specific and definite - to form and develop the qualities of a military professional and a reliable defender of the Fatherland, personal responsibility for the performance of assigned tasks.

The set goal also implies appropriate means for its implementation.

The means of education include, on the one hand, various types of military activities (internal and guard duty, combat training, etc.), and on the other - a set of subjects that are used by the educator in solving educational problems (visual aids, films, works of fine and musical art - all that can be called technical and technical). using information tools).

Means form the basis of educational methods, they are interconnected and applied in practice in unity. But they should be distinguished from each other.

Methods of education are certain ways of pedagogical influence on military personnel and the military team in order to form the qualities necessary for them to successfully perform their military duty. They can include a number of methods of education that act relatively independently in relation to a specific pedagogical situation.

Parenting methods do not exist separately from each other. They should be considered in the system, since no method is universal and does not solve all the problems of education.

The system of methods of education is based on a deep respect for the human dignity of a warrior, the comprehensive development of his personality, spiritual and physical strength. The main methods of education should include: the method of persuasion, the method of example, the method of exercise, the method of encouragement, the method of coercion.

In the Russian military-pedagogical practice, a rich potential of forms of educational work has been accumulated, which should be adapted to the current conditions of life and activity of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Forms of educational work can be divided into service-planned and off-duty.

Service-planned forms of educational work include meetings with various categories of military personnel; various types of informing personnel; lectures, question and answer evenings; summing up results; classes in museums and rooms of military glory; thematic evenings, debates, quizzes, round tables; promotion of best practices and others.

Off-duty forms of educational work include: watching movies, TV shows; sports competitions; meetings with veterans of war, the Armed Forces and labor; excursions to historical sites and places of military glory; the work of interest clubs, amateur art circles, and others.

The choice of specific forms by the teacher depends on a number of factors: the qualitative characteristics of the personnel, the specifics of the tasks being solved, the ability to apply a particular form, etc.

In the course of educational work, no small importance should be given to the harmonious combination of direct and indirect effects on military personnel. The educator has a direct impact on a person during direct communication with them during combat training classes, performing various official duties, cultural and leisure work, sports and mass events, and other forms of personal communication.

Indirect impact is the impact on military personnel through the entire organization of their life and the situation in which they are located.

A stable statutory order in the units and on the territory of the unit, strict and precise implementation of the daily routine, and planned combat training contribute to the successful formation of the qualities necessary for a modern soldier. All this creates a normal psychological background, a microenvironment, thanks to which the serviceman feels natural and comfortable.

2

The unit commander is responsible for the management and organization of educational work of personnel, and the deputy commander for educational work directly organizes and conducts educational work. Article 75 of the Internal Service Charter stipulates that the commander (chief), on the basis of tasks solved in the state and the Armed Forces, is obliged to constantly educate subordinates. Consequently, unit commanders, chiefs of all degrees, officers and warrant officers (midshipmen) structures, staffs, and services are more or less subjects of the system of education of military personnel in a compound or unit.

By order of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation of 1995 ?235 the main directions of educational work are defined:

- public and state training and informing of personnel;

- military and social work;

- psychological work;

- cultural and leisure work.

One of the most proven and reliable ways to develop high moral qualities among military personnel, understanding the importance of performing military duty, is public and state training and informing troops. The UCP is multifunctional. It solves an educational task; it provides knowledge of the history of the Fatherland, traditions of its armed defense, covers events in the country and abroad. Its huge educational potential plays a significant role in shaping the worldview of a soldier's personality. It is necessary that UCP classes are interesting, accessible, and allow students to think independently.

If the case is properly formulated, public and state training can also perform a compensatory function. To do this, it is necessary to conduct classes in the form of a dialogue, give military personnel the opportunity to speak out on urgent issues, and find such forms of classes that contribute to the widest disclosure of the topic. Classes in the UCP system are a two-way communication channel for commanders (superiors) with their subordinates. We need to make them not only formally official, but also informally confidential.

One of the serious problems of the modern information age is the contradiction between the old forms and methods of conducting classes and new information technologies. When educating the personality of a citizen-warrior, it is necessary to take into account that he lives in a different social and informational dimension than before. Even taking into account the current financial difficulties, video films are already used in many parts of the UCP classes. Currently, in accordance with the theme of the UCP, they have been created and sent to the troops (forces) 20 educational videos (issue 1, 2, 3, 4) that can be successfully used as an effective means of enhancing the perception and assimilation of educational material by soldiers (sailors) and sergeants (petty officers). This work will continue in the future.

The basic link in the education of personnel in modern conditions is military and social work. It creates conditions that ensure normal life activity, promotes high-quality performance of official duties, and determines the moral and psychological state of troops. Today, when there are a lot of problems in ensuring social and legal guarantees for military personnel, commanders and supervisors, officers of educational work bodies act as guides to the ideas of social protection of military personnel, their families and civilian personnel, study and analyze the social situation in military collectives, predict military and social processes, take measures to prevent and relieve social tension. At the same time, the thesis expressed by the Russian Defense Minister I. D. Sergeev should be a guide to action: "The ideology of the Armed Forces reform is based on the fact that the life of military personnel is a state value, their personal freedoms are inviolable, and the inevitable restrictions and risks should be compensated by additional rights and benefits, prestige of military service."

In solving social problems, regular close contacts of the command of formations (units) with the heads of regions and regions where military units are stationed play an important role. They often bring positive results: assistance in building housing for military personnel, timely payment of cash allowances, providing material assistance to military personnel, medical support for families, etc.

Interaction with representatives of soldiers 'mothers' committees and organizations of military parents also helps solve the problems of social protection of soldiers, their upbringing, and increasing the prestige of military labor.

In modern conditions, the most important area of educational work is interaction with religious associations. It contributes to a more complete satisfaction of the rights of military personnel to freedom of conscience, moral education of personnel, and prevention of suicidal moods.

A significant role in the system of education is played by psychological work aimed at the formation of certain qualities necessary for military service in personnel. In most formations and units, there are psychologists who organize psychological work, study and predict socio-psychological processes, are engaged in the prevention of negative manifestations of personnel behavior, and form the psychological qualities necessary for military personnel. In the context of modern social and domestic problems, insufficiently educated and trained young people often join the army. Therefore, every officer, ensign (midshipman) must take part in the difficult task of raising her.

Understanding how necessary the work of military psychologists is directly in the unit, the possibility of introducing the position of a psychologist in battalions, divisions (on ships of the 3rd rank), that is, where military personnel who solve specific tasks are subject to the negative impact of psychological stress, is considered. The experiment conducted this year in two formations (MVO, LenVO) suggests the possibility of raising individual work with personnel directly in the company (battery) to a qualitatively different level.

A full-blooded process of education involves the formation of a high spiritual culture, moral and aesthetic qualities. This is the area of cultural and leisure work. It includes: the development of amateur artistic creativity, holding cultural events, visiting various entertainment venues (museums, exhibitions, theaters) by military personnel.

The practice of regularly holding amateur art shows in units and garrisons, effective use of the opportunities of Officers 'Homes, regular and non-standard TV centers and studios, and officers' clubs has proven itself well.

And in the future, all means, forms and methods of cultural and leisure work in units should be directed to raising the level of general culture of military personnel and their families, to awaken a sense of beauty and kindness, and to resist numerous manifestations of low-grade culture.

Thus, educational work in the unit should be aimed at explaining and implementing the requirements of the country's leadership to the Armed Forces set out in the "Fundamentals (Concept) of the state policy of the Russian Federation on military construction for the period up to 2005", at forming the responsibility of military personnel for fulfilling military duty, loyalty to the Fatherland, pride of belonging to the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

In this complex work, each officer, ensign (midshipman) should be assigned his place, the degree of participation of each in the educational process is determined. After all, the quality of educational work directly affects the level of combat capability and combat readiness of the compound( unit), the state of military discipline and law and order, and, ultimately, the success of military reform.

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