Questions:

1. Procedure for electing the President of Russia.

2. Structure and procedure for forming the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation.

3. The system and procedure for forming federal executive bodies, federal courts and prosecutor's offices.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal laws, State power in our country is exercised by federal state authorities and state authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. Federal bodies of state power form a system that includes the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, the Government of the Russian Federation and other federal executive bodies, federal courts, the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation, as well as a number of other bodies. The power of the people is exercised through State and local self-government bodies in the Russian Federation.

1

The key figure in the system of state authorities of our country is the President. By its legal status, the President of the Russian Federation has broad powers and exerts significant influence both on the internal policy of the state and on its foreign policy course.

The President of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On Presidential Elections of the Russian Federation" is elected by citizens of the Russian Federation in free (voluntary) elections on the basis of universal, equal, direct suffrage by secret ballot. Not all citizens of the Russian Federation have the right to elect the President of the Russian Federation (active suffrage), but only those who have reached the age of majority (18 years), are not held in places of deprivation of liberty under a court sentence, and are not recognized by a court as incapacitated. Voters participate in elections on an equal basis, everyone has one vote, voting for other persons is not allowed.

A citizen of the Russian Federation who has an active electoral right, is at least 35 years old, and has permanently resided in the territory of the Russian Federation for at least 10 years can be elected President of the Russian Federation. The term of office of the President of the Russian Federation is 4 years, and the same person cannot hold this position for more than two consecutive terms.

Presidential elections are held in a single federal electoral district that includes the entire territory of the Russian Federation.

The procedure for electing the President of the Russian Federation includes the following stages::

1. Appointment of election day

This day is the first Sunday after the expiration of the constitutional term for which the President of the Russian Federation was elected. The Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation appoints the election day, or if the Federation Council has failed to do so for any reason. The Central Election Commission of the Russian Federation (CEC of the Russian Federation).

2. Formation of election commissions

The commissions are intended for the preparation and conduct of elections. The Central (CEC of the Russian Federation), constituent entities of the Russian Federation, territorial (city, district) and precinct election commissions are formed.

3. Formation of polling stations

A precinct is an area (a village, a part of a city, a microdistrict, etc.) where no more than 3,000 voters live. Election precincts for citizens of the Russian Federation who are abroad are formed by the heads of diplomatic or consular institutions of the Russian Federation in foreign countries.

4. Compilation of voter lists

Lists are compiled by precinct election commissions based on data provided by the heads of local administrations.

Lists of voters who are military personnel in a military unit are compiled on the basis of data provided by the unit commander. Military personnel who live outside a military unit are included in the list of voters at their place of residence on a general basis. The list of voters located on the territory of a foreign state includes citizens of the Russian Federation: living or on a business trip.

5. Nomination of candidates and their registration

The right to nominate a candidate for the post of President of the Russian Federation belongs directly to voters and electoral associations, electoral blocs.

Electoral association - an all-Russian political public association (political party, organization, movement) whose charter provides for participation in elections to state authorities, registered by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation no later than one year before the voting day. During the election period, two or more electoral associations may create electoral blocs to nominate a single candidate for the post of President of the Russian Federation. Nomination is made at conferences (congresses) of the electoral association.

To register a candidate, it is necessary to collect at least 1 million signatures of voters in support of him, while one subject of the Russian Federation should account for no more than 7 percent of the required number of signatures.

6. Pre-election campaigning

Campaigning is carried out from the moment of registration of a candidate and ends at zero hours local time on the eve of the day preceding election day. State and local government bodies, charitable and religious associations, military units and institutions are prohibited from participating in agitation.

7. Voting

On election day, voting is held from 8 a.m. to 10 p.m. local time. Early completion of voting is allowed at polling stations established in military units, at polar stations, and in remote and hard-to-reach areas.

8. Determination of election results by the CEC of the Russian Federation

The candidate who received more than half of the votes of the voters who took part in the voting is considered elected. At the same time, at least half of the voters included in the electoral lists must take part in the voting. Otherwise, the election is declared invalid.

If none of the candidates received more than half of the votes, a second vote is called, and the two candidates who received the largest number of votes participate in it. Based on the results of repeated voting, the candidate who received a higher number of votes than the other candidate is considered elected. If the election of the President of the Russian Federation is declared invalid, invalid, or no candidate was elected in the second round of voting, the Federation Council appoints repeated (new) elections.

9. Taking office of the President-Elect of the Russian Federation

The elected President of the Russian Federation takes office on the thirtieth day after the official announcement of the election results by the CEC of the Russian Federation. Upon taking office, the President takes the oath of office to the people, the text of which is given in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. The oath is taken in a solemn atmosphere in the presence of members of the Federation Council, deputies of the State Duma, judges of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. From the moment of taking the oath of office, the President begins to perform his duties.

2

The representative and legislative body of the Russian Federation according to the Constitution of the Russian Federation is the Federal Assembly. As the legislative body of Russia, the Federal Assembly has the right to adopt legal acts that are generally binding on the territory of the country - federal constitutional laws (FKZ) and federal laws (FZ) on issues within its competence.

The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation consists of two chambers - the State Duma and the Federation Council. The term of office of the State Duma - 4 years, the Federation Council-is not set and is not limited to the time frame.

The procedure for electing deputies of the State Duma is determined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On the Procedure for Electing Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation".

Deputies of the State Duma are elected by citizens of the Russian Federation who have an active right to vote in free, universal, equal, direct elections by secret ballot. A citizen of the Russian Federation who has reached the age of 21 on election day and has an active right to vote may be elected a deputy of the State Duma.

The stages of electing deputies of the State Duma generally correspond to the procedure (stages) of electing the President of the Russian Federation, with the exception of certain features.

The President of the Russian Federation appoints the election of deputies. Election day is the first Sunday after the expiration of the constitutional term for which the Chamber of the previous convocation was elected. The period from the date of calling an election to the election day must be at least 4 months. If the President of the Russian Federation does not call the election of deputies within the prescribed period, the Central Election Commission holds the election on the first Sunday of the month following the month in which the chamber's powers expire. When the State Duma is dissolved by the President of the Russian Federation, the election of the new composition of the chamber is scheduled for the last Sunday before the expiration of 3 months from the date of dissolution.

The State Duma consists of 450 deputies. 225 deputies are elected in single-member electoral districts under the majority system of relative majority. The other 225 deputies are elected in the federal electoral district (covering the entire territory of the Russian Federation) according to the proportional representation system. The system provides for the distribution of deputy mandates in proportion to the number of votes cast for federal lists of candidates for deputies nominated by electoral associations (blocs).

On the territory of the Russian Federation, 225 districts are formed on the basis of a single standard of representation of voters per single-mandate district.

Candidates for deputies in a single-mandate electoral district are nominated both directly by voters and by federal electoral associations (blocs). In this case, the rule is set: both a group of voters and an electoral association may nominate no more than one candidate in one electoral district. To nominate a candidate, you must collect the signatures of at least one percent of the district's voters. Candidates are registered with the district election commission on the basis of signature lists and applications of candidates.

Candidates for the federal district are nominated only by electoral associations (blocs) in the form of a federal list. The federal list (no more than 270 persons) is put forward at the congress (conference) of the electoral association. To register a federal list with the CEC of the Russian Federation, signatures of at least 200,000 Russian voters must be collected in support of it.

For the election of deputies to the State Duma, each voter receives two ballots: one for the election of deputies in a single - mandate district, and the second for the federal district. The first section lists in alphabetical order the surnames, first names, and patronymics of all candidates registered in this district, as well as their data. The second section contains the names of electoral associations (blocs) and surnames, first names, and patronymics of the first three candidates from the federal lists they nominated.

In a single-mandate electoral district, the candidate who received the largest number of votes (compared to other candidates) is considered elected. If the votes are equal - the candidate registered earlier. Elections are declared invalid if less than 25 percent of registered voters participated in them.

The determination of results for the federal district begins with the exclusion of electoral associations whose federal lists received less than 5 percent of the vote (the so-called "barrier point"). After that, the established method of allocating mandates is applied.

The procedure for forming the Federation Council differs from the procedure for forming the State Duma. Thus, in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On the Procedure for Forming the Federation Council of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation", the Federation Council consists of two representatives from each subject of the Russian Federation (i.e., a total of 178 members): the head of the legislative (representative) and the head of the executive bodies of state power ex officio. If the legislative (representative) body of a subject of the Russian Federation consists of two chambers, its representative is determined by a joint decision of the chambers.

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation", and presidential decrees, the system of federal executive bodies is formed by:

- Government of the Russian Federation;

- federal ministries (25);

- other federal executive bodies (state committees (13), federal services (16), agencies (3), commissions (2), supervisors (2) and other bodies (4) based on presidential decrees).

The Government of the Russian Federation consists of the Chairman, his deputies and federal ministers. All members of the Government of the Russian Federation are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation. The candidacy of the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation is submitted by the President of the Russian Federation to the State Duma no later than two weeks after his assumption of office or after the resignation of the Government of the Russian Federation, or within a week from the date of rejection of the previously proposed candidacy by the State Duma. The State Duma must consider the proposed candidate within a week. If the State Duma expresses its consent, the President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation by decree.

If the State Duma rejects the submitted candidates (or the same candidate)three times The President of the Russian Federation appoints the Chairman of the Government, dissolves the State Duma and appoints its new elections.

The President of the Russian Federation, based on the candidates proposed by the Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, appoints Deputy Prime Ministers of the Russian Federation and federal ministers.

Currently, the Government of the Russian Federation consists of 31 members: the Chairman, 5 deputies (2 first), 26 ministers (1 minister-head of the Government staff of the Russian Federation). In the Government of the Russian Federation, a Presidium is formed, which consists of the Chairman, his deputies and some federal ministers.

The Government of the Russian Federation, in accordance with the structure of federal executive bodies approved by the President of the Russian Federation, appoints deputy federal ministers, heads and deputy heads of the above-mentioned bodies, and also approves Regulations on them. The Regulations define the goals, objectives, main areas of activity, competence, organizational structure of the body, and powers of its head. Based on the Regulations, further personnel appointments are made, and territorial bodies of federal executive bodies are formed.

The general procedure for forming federal executive bodies does not apply to bodies responsible for defense, security, internal and foreign affairs, emergency prevention, and (by decision of the President of the Russian Federation) justice. The specifics are that it is not the Government of the Russian Federation, but the President of the Russian Federation, who appoints their leaders on the proposal of the Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation, approves the relevant Regulations, and exercises other powers as the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and Chairman of the Security Council (Federal Law "On the Government of the Russian Federation").

Judicial authorities are designated for the administration of justice in our country. In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law "On the Judicial System of the Russian Federation", the federal judicial system consists of:

- Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation;

- federal courts of general jurisdiction (consider civil, criminal and administrative cases);

- federal arbitration courts.

The Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation consists of 19 judges appointed by the Federation Council by secret ballot (majority of votes). on the recommendation of the President of the Russian Federation. The Chairman, Deputy Chairman, and Judge-Secretary are elected from the Court.

The system of federal courts of general jurisdiction includes:

- The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation is the highest judicial body in the system of courts of general jurisdiction. It exercises judicial supervision over the activities of all courts included in the system. The Supreme Court of the Russian Federation consists of the Plenum, the Presidium, the Cassation Board, the Judicial Boards for Criminal and Civil Cases, and the Military Board. Judges of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President of the Russian Federation;

- courts of general jurisdiction in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. They are formed based on the federal structure of the Russian Federation, so they have the names of the corresponding subjects of the Russian Federation: supreme courts of republics, regional and regional courts, courts of federal cities, courts of autonomous districts and autonomous regions. Currently, 87 vessels have been formed. The courts are directly superior to the district courts. Judges are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation in coordination with the legislative (representative) bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

- district courts are formed on the territory of the corresponding judicial district. Judges are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the legislative (representative) body of the subject of the Russian Federation;

- specialized courts (currently not established);

- military courts are created on a territorial basis in the places of deployment of troops and naval forces and exercise judicial power in the troops, bodies and formations where military service is provided. They include military courts of types of Armed Forces, groups of troops, fleets, military districts, flotillas, armies, military formations, and garrisons. Judges are appointed by the President of the Russian Federation on the recommendation of the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. A military judge may be (in addition to the general requirements for all judges) a person who is in military service, has an officer's rank, has passed a qualification exam, and has not committed defamatory acts.

Arbitration courts in the Russian Federation administer justice by resolving economic disputes and considering other cases referred to their competence by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the Federal Law "On Arbitration Courts in the Russian Federation", the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and federal laws adopted in accordance with them. The system of Federal arbitration courts includes:

- Supreme Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation. It is the highest judicial body for resolving economic disputes and other cases considered by commercial courts, and is a higher instance in relation to all commercial courts. It consists of a Plenum, a Presidium, and two panels: for disputes arising from civil and other legal relations, and for disputes arising from administrative legal relations;

- federal district arbitration courts. Federal arbitration courts of the Volga-Vyatka, East Siberian, Far Eastern, West Siberian, Moscow, Volga, Northwestern, North Caucasian, Ural, and Central districts operate on the territory of the Russian Federation. The Court is composed of a presidium and two panels;

- arbitration courts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation (republics, territories, oblasts, federal cities, autonomous districts, and autonomous regions).

The procedure for appointing judges of federal arbitration courts is similar to the procedure for appointing judges of the corresponding instances of general courts.

The Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation is a single federal centralized system of bodies that exercise supervision on behalf of the Russian Federation over the implementation of laws in force on its territory. It does not belong to the judiciary. The system of prosecutor's offices includes: the Prosecutor General's Office of the Russian Federation, the Prosecutor's offices of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation;

prosecutor's offices of cities, districts and other territorial prosecutor's offices; specialized prosecutor's offices. Specialized prosecutor's offices include: military, environmental, transport, supervision of compliance with laws in institutions and bodies executing criminal penalties in the form of imprisonment, and other special prosecutor's offices. The system of bodies of the military Prosecutor's office consists of: the Main Military Prosecutor's Office, military Prosecutor's offices of military districts, fleets; military Prosecutor's offices of Strategic Missile Forces, the Federal Border Service of the Russian Federation; the Moscow City Military Prosecutor's Office and other military prosecutor's offices equated to the prosecutor's offices of constituent entities of the Russian Federation; military prosecutor's offices of associations, formations, garrisons and other military prosecutor's offices equated to the prosecutor's offices of cities and districts.

The Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and his deputies are appointed by the Federation Council on the recommendation of the President of the Russian Federation for a term of 5 years. Prosecutors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation in coordination with its constituent entities. Other prosecutors are appointed by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

Military prosecutor's offices are headed by the Deputy Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation - the Chief Military Prosecutor. A board is formed in the Main Military Prosecutor's Office. Military prosecutors and investigators are appointed citizens of the Russian Federation who are fit for military service for health reasons, have entered military service, have an officer's rank, higher legal education, and possess the necessary professional and moral qualities.

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