The lectures courses are intended for students studying experimental nuclear physics and engineering. These lectures could be used as a guide to understanding elements of quantum mechanics. Thus, we consider approaches of the Dirac theory and the technique of proton scattering, primarily related to light and middle nuclei. Surface and interior excitations are studied using the CEN Saclay experiments. Such a guide, in the author’s opinion, can eliminate the twisting gap in the available scientific literature.

The present lectures are aimed at providing a clear explanation of modern experiments related to the spin of the particle.The lectures consider the Dirac approach to the transformation of the existing wave equation (nonstandard Schrödinger equation). This approach consisted in the requirement that the transformed equation be symmetrical to the time and spatial coordinates. These transformations were induced by the demands of the Lorentz ones, according to which time is considered equal to space.

The present lectures are aimed at providing a clear explanation of modern experiments related to the spin of the particle. The lectures consider the Dirac approach to the transformation of the existing wave equation (nonstandard Schrödinger equation). This approach consists in the requirement that the transformed equation be symmetrical to the time and spatial coordinates.

The measurements results presented in this chapter demonstrate quite pronounced changes with varying transition densities. Some of them have a surface character, while others include strong interior combinations.

We demonstrate mainly experimental results for excitations at low and 1 GeV proton energies measured in CEN Saclay. Similar experimental results at intermediate proton energies were also obtained at IUCF and LAMPF.

Chapter Two and supplements are aimed at students studying experimental nuclear physics and nuclear engineering.