Libmonster ID: RU-14968
Автор(ы) публикации: VALERY ILYICHEV, OLGA SILAYEVA, BELLA STRIGANOVA

by Valery ILYICHEV, Dr. Sc. (Biol.),

Olga SILAYEVA, Dr. Sc. (Biol.),

Bella STRIGANOVA, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), A. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, RAS

The MALINKI biogeocenological station is an important subdivision of A. Severtsov RAS Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution. Situated just several tens of kilometers from Moscow, it is a sort of test ground for evaluation of the natural environment exposed to augmenting anthropogenic factors. Pine, fir, and birch forests around the station were planted about a century ago by enthusiastic forestry specialists and are therefore particularly interesting for specialists.

стр. 101


AN EXCURSION INTO HISTORY

Let us remember that the term "biogeocenosis", now used as a synonym for ecosystem, was suggested in 1940 by Vladimir Sukachyov (1880 - 1967), a Russian botanist, geographer, and forestry specialist. He became one of the founders of biogeocenology - the science of interrelated and interacting complexes of live and inert (including the atmospheric layer closest to the ground, soil, solar energy, etc.) nature - biogeocenoses. This information is particularly important for predicting the aftereffects of human interference in natural processes, for supporting forestry and agriculture.

In order to solve at least some of the scientific problems, in 1963 Academician Sukachyov created a laboratory in Moscow, which for 15 years was a subdivision of V. Komarov Botanical Institute of the USSR Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. He suggested to carry out full-scale studies at a biogeocenological station and in the same year chose a plot for it in the Moscow region, near the town of Troitsk, on the borderline of Podolsk and Naro Fominsk districts. This choice was not accidental. The territory is remarkable for its forests, as they are here mainly planted by people. As a matter of fact, in the 19th century these lands belonged to Count Sheremetev, who allowed the peasants to lease them for a certain period, on one condition: by the end of the lease period, the peasants were to plant certain trees on these plots. Thus he restored the forest on his lands.

We now witness the result of such measures. Fir, pine and mixed forests grown here for century look quite natural. But in order to make sure of it, the experiment was to be continued: the structure of the grown (restored) forest was to be studied and compared with the natural plots. Such tasks were intended to be solved at the new experimental station.

The construction of a biogeocenological station, which was called "Malinki", and the unfolding research were headed by Nikolai Dylis, Dr. Sc. (Biol.), disciple of Academician Sukachyov. One-storeyed laboratory building and a residential house for staff members were built rapidly. Many young scientists lived here together with Professor Dylis. Years passed, and new people came here:

стр. 102


botanists, zoologists, soil specialists, ecologists-forestry specialists. The potentialities of the work collective were extended when in 1978 the above-mentioned laboratory and the station became a part of A. Severtsov Institute of Animal Evolution Morphology and Ecology, USSR Academy of Sciences (since 1994 - A. Severtsov RAS Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution). This base serves as an experimental ground for several new laboratories of ecological profile, formed at our Institute; scientists from Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical University, and other institutions of higher education also actively work here.

ECOSYSTEM

The territory of the Malinki biological station is exposed (as was mentioned above) to significant anthropogenic impact. Trees are systematically cut down, grass disappears under the feet of numerous visitors who pick up mushrooms, berries, flowers, and medicinal herbs. All this leads to degradation of the ecosystem and changes its appearance - now it is quite different from what it was 20 - 30 years ago. Local builders, creating more and more new settlements and cottage complexes around the station are especially dangerous. Residents of these settlements regularly visit the Malinki forest, make up fires, leave heaps of waste,

стр. 104


etc. Moreover, these territories often become an object of "safari" hunting, exterminating animals and birds. Urgent measures should be taken to grant the Malinki forest the status of a reserve, otherwise changes in the ecological system will become irreversible. The biostation is really a unique monitoring ground for evaluation of the state and dynamics of biogeocenoses in the past and in the present. Headed by Dylis, the scientists investigated the vertical and horizontal structures of phytocenosis of the forest and field communities, accumulation and separation of phytomass, structure and dynamics of macromycetes (fungi with fruit bodies of macroscopic size), soil fauna.

The development of Academician Sukachyov's ideas during the recent decades was focused on the philosophy of classification of biogeocenological systems and their mutual effects on each other, guaranteeing the integrity of the biosphere, stability and dynamic changes in the biogeocenoses. Organization of test grounds in the territory of the biostation, their description and quantitative evaluation of individual components form the base for long-term monitoring of the subzone of broad-leaved/spruce forest of the Moscow region. Based on these data, recommendations were worked out for the forestry of the Moscow region and optimal organization of the forest and park zones of Moscow.

The ecosystems formed during the century in Malinki show the benefits of artificial reforestation, and this will prompt forestry specialists how such work is to be carried out so that newly planted forests grow just like in wild nature, i.e. resistant to diseases and pests.

The problem of global changes in the climate puts forward a new priority trend of research for the specialists of the biostation: evaluation of the stability of ecological systems and their components. The studies are carried out at the level of populations, communities, ecosystems. The priority attention is paid to methods for information collection and storage, creation of databases, evaluation of the critical state and degradation of ecosystems.

The results of basic research carried out at the Malinki biostation are already used for substantiation of nature protection programs, including the creation of a network of biosphere reserves in our country.

SOIL INHABITANTS

The scientists of our Institute, Moscow Pedagogical University, and other institutions of higher education study the organisms inhabiting the soil: invertebrates and soil microflora near the station in comparison with other natural landscapes of the Moscow region. Special attention is paid to detection of a tendency to changes in the soil communities, primarily of animal population, under the effect of anthropogenic factors. These studies develop the ideas of the creator of soil zoology, Academician Mercury Gilyarov (1912 - 1985), on direct relationships and feedback between the soil animal composition and the type of soil formation process. These ideas served as a basis for development of the zoological method of soil diagnostics and approaches to realization of zoological melioration of the soil for improving its productivity. Today adaptation of invertebrates to soils with different hydrodynamic conditions is studied in Malinki, and methods for improving animal resistance to anthropogenic exposure are developed.

стр. 105


Nutritive requirements, metabolism intensity, growth rate and reproductive activity of model species of useful soil-formers are also studied here. The role of biogenic processes in degradation, mineralization, and humification of plant residues is evaluated quantitatively, the relationships of soil animals with microorganisms and plant roots are analyzed. More than ten earthworm species (the main soil-formers in the soddy-podzol soils, characteristic of our region) live in the forest ecosystems around the station. Among them are such prevalent species as the ploughed field earthworm (Aporrectodea caliginosa), field earthworm (Lumbricus rubellus), one of the largest species - hole earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris), making deep holes in the soil, into which it sweeps deciduous leaves, thus improving the humus horizon. The forest litter and turf are inhabited by representatives of numerous myriapods, numerous beetles-ground beetles, rove beetles, large populations of black and red forest ants.

Our scientists develop scientifically-based approaches to protection and optimization of conditions for useful soil-formers and entomophages, creation of ecologically safe methods for control of agricultural and forest pests living in soil. At the same time studies of adaptive strategies of insects and other arthropods are also conducted. The formation of biosocial structures in the ant species essential for agriculture and forestry and their role in protection of the forest from pests, particularly during the periods of overall reproduction of harmful insects, are studied at the biostation.

During recent decades the attention of soil zoologists was focused on the dynamics of biological diversity of the soil biota, the state of which reflects modern trends in the natural and anthropogenic changes in the climate and abiotic environment.

A variety of terrestrial insects and invertebrates inhabit the territory. Dragonflies flutter near ponds and streams;

стр. 106


their presence indicates the purity of natural waters. A great number of terrestrial lung mollusks are registered in Malinki: snails (Helix, Ruthenica, Succinella), slugs (Deroceras, Arion, Umax). Wood pest beetles (capricon, longhorn, scarabaeid beetles, borers) can be seen on tree trunks. A variety of butterflies fly about in forest meadows and edges: peacock butterfly (Vanessa), pearl butterfly, noctula butterfly, garden butterfly, checker butterfly.

The Malinki station can serve as a regional center for organization of monitoring of the biotic components of forest ecosystems, including the plant, animal, and bacterial communities, typical of coniferous broad-leaved forests of Central Russia.

BIRDS AND ANIMALS

Ornitological observations are carried out in Malinki since the 1960s. A total of 140 bird species were recorded. Regionally rare species, recorded in the Moscow Region Red Data Book, nest here: hen harrier, little owl, green and three-toed woodpeckers, nutcracker, barred warbler, presumably, also booted warbler. Among species rare for the suburbs of Moscow let us mention black kite, nighthawk, mistle thrush. The environs of the station belong to the key ornitological territories of local significance for the Moscow region.

In spring and autumn the guttural cry of the blackbird can be heard here, and, if you are lucky, even see this large (like a rook) bird, flying from one tree to another, often quite near the biostation. Speaking about rare species, we must mention the black stork, sometimes soaring over the forest, but on seeing a man, it disappears immediately.

Buzzards and goshawks are common in this territory. Walking in the forest, one can see a brood of buzzards in the sky.

Several interesting species live in the thickets of bird cherry at the edge of the forest and along the Zhiletovka river. In May the air is filled with incessant warbles and clicks of nightingales, melodious chirps of bright-red finches; goldfinches and hawfinches also make their nests here. Hawfinches can be easily recognized by their stumpy appearance and thick massive beak. As soon as the bird cherry ripens, they eat only the berries, and then frequent clicking in the thickets is alternated by the nut-cracking.

Small multi-colored woodpeckers and tree creepers often fly near the edges of the forest and in the bushes with thin decaying stems. One can see a willow tit, or in autumn observe a nuthatch, heading a crowd of tomtits. In winter bullfinches sit on high mountain ashes, pecking red berries. The red-breasted males immediately arrest attention, in contrast to their grey mates. Their deftness and pliancy when reaching for berries rejoice the eye. In spring other "berry-lovers" fly through the edges of the forest: robins, easy to recognize by their high crest, grey fluffy feathering, and thick long beak.

Hurried chirp of wrens is often heard in the forest, but this little bird with its provocatively hitched-up tail is difficult to see, so skillfully it hides in the brushwood and small bushes.

The white wagtail is a usual resident of the biostation. Swallows nest in the laboratory and living premises. A colony of house martins regularly nested under the northern cornice of the laboratory building in the 1970s - 1980s, but later, presumably disliking close neighborhood of people, the birds left their habitual nesting place.

Flocks of redpolls appear on the birch trees and weeds in winter, spring, and autumn; their characteristic "che-che-che" alternating with short trills can be heard during their night flight. One more wonderful bird, robin, inhab-

стр. 108


its the forest near the biostation in summer and autumn. In spring the characteristic voice of song-thrush is heard from time to time.

Animals inhabiting the Malinki forest are not seen as easily as birds, primarily because they do not want to show up. But only at first sight this world seems empty and lifeless. Elks and boars visit the station, though rarely. Foxes and hares are seen more frequently, and, finally, ermines and weasels, hunting for numerous murine rodents. The insect-eating mammals are represented by hedgehogs, moles and shrews, some of them are even numerous.

The amphibians and reptiles inhabiting the territory of the station are grass and pond frogs, grey toad, spotted newt, and viviparous lizard. We might as well mention fishes: in one of the ponds, despite the ravages of the goby fish, the goldfish has survived and in the Zhiletovka river - a Bearded stone loach.

MUSEUM OF NATURE OF CENTRAL RUSSIA

The Museum of Nature of Central Russia is created under the aegis of the biostation. It exhibits botanical and osteological* collections, numerous stuffed birds and mammals, and bird nests. The Museum emerged about two years ago (in February 2005), in fact "on an empty spot". As for the collection of dummies - it is a kind gift from Viktor Baluyev, Cand. Sc. (Biol.), President of the Bashkir Ornithological Society.

Among the tasks of the Museum is informing visitors about the unique plants and animals of Malinki and other forests of the Moscow region, and about activities of RAS staff members and lecturers of institutions of higher education at the Malinki biostation. Students also take part in this work; practical training is organized here for them. Few workers of the biostation and volunteers from collaborating institutions make collections, including the most interesting plant and animal species, exposed to anthropogenic impact; the most valuable specimens are shown on photos.

The Museum has a collection of mushrooms, abundantly presented in the local flora, including edible and inedible ones. Fragments of skeletons of animals inhabiting this area are also shown on the stands. The most interesting places, including forest cenoses, constitute a picturesque part of the exhibition. In addition to scientists from A. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, this work is carried out by zoologists from Moscow State Pedagogical University, botanists and geoecologists from the Timiryazev Museum and Russian Peoples' Friendship University. It is planned to create a training and research center for coordination of educational and ecological activities, to carry out regular photoexhibitions and competitions on ecology and social aspects. Workers of the biostation and other institutions and just nature-lovers will take part in these activities.


* Related to osteology - a division of anatomy involved with the morphology and physiology of the skeleton. - Ed.


© libmonster.ru

Постоянный адрес данной публикации:

https://libmonster.ru/m/articles/view/MALINKI-IN-THE-VICINITY-OF-THE-MEGALOPOLIS

Похожие публикации: LРоссия LWorld Y G


Публикатор:

Россия ОнлайнКонтакты и другие материалы (статьи, фото, файлы и пр.)

Официальная страница автора на Либмонстре: https://libmonster.ru/Libmonster

Искать материалы публикатора в системах: Либмонстр (весь мир)GoogleYandex

Постоянная ссылка для научных работ (для цитирования):

VALERY ILYICHEV, OLGA SILAYEVA, BELLA STRIGANOVA, MALINKI. IN THE VICINITY OF THE MEGALOPOLIS // Москва: Либмонстр Россия (LIBMONSTER.RU). Дата обновления: 29.09.2018. URL: https://libmonster.ru/m/articles/view/MALINKI-IN-THE-VICINITY-OF-THE-MEGALOPOLIS (дата обращения: 29.03.2024).

Автор(ы) публикации - VALERY ILYICHEV, OLGA SILAYEVA, BELLA STRIGANOVA:

VALERY ILYICHEV, OLGA SILAYEVA, BELLA STRIGANOVA → другие работы, поиск: Либмонстр - РоссияЛибмонстр - мирGoogleYandex

Комментарии:



Рецензии авторов-профессионалов
Сортировка: 
Показывать по: 
 
  • Комментариев пока нет
Похожие темы
Публикатор
Россия Онлайн
Москва, Россия
561 просмотров рейтинг
29.09.2018 (2008 дней(я) назад)
0 подписчиков
Рейтинг
0 голос(а,ов)
Похожие статьи
ЛЕТОПИСЬ РОССИЙСКО-ТУРЕЦКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Каталог: Политология 
19 часов(а) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
Стихи, находки, древние поделки
Каталог: Разное 
2 дней(я) назад · от Денис Николайчиков
ЦИТАТИ З ВОСЬМИКНИЖЖЯ В РАННІХ ДАВНЬОРУСЬКИХ ЛІТОПИСАХ, АБО ЯК ЗМІНЮЄТЬСЯ СМИСЛ ІСТОРИЧНИХ ПОВІДОМЛЕНЬ
Каталог: История 
3 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
Туристы едут, жилье дорожает, Солнце - бесплатное
Каталог: Экономика 
4 дней(я) назад · от Россия Онлайн
ТУРЦИЯ: МАРАФОН НА ПУТИ В ЕВРОПУ
Каталог: Политология 
5 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
ТУРЕЦКИЙ ТЕАТР И РУССКОЕ ТЕАТРАЛЬНОЕ ИСКУССТВО
8 дней(я) назад · от Zakhar Prilepin
Произведём расчёт виртуального нейтронного астрономического объекта значением размера 〖1m〗^3. Найдём скрытые сущности частиц, энергии и массы. Найдём квантовые значения нейтронного ядра. Найдём энергию удержания нейтрона в этом объекте, которая является энергией удержания нейтронных ядер, астрономических объектов. Рассмотрим физику распада нейтронного ядра. Уточним образование зоны распада ядра и зоны синтеза ядра. Каким образом эти зоны регулируют скорость излучения нейтронов из ядра. Как образуется материя ядра элементов, которая является своеобразной “шубой” любого астрономического объекта. Эта материя является видимой частью Вселенной.
Каталог: Физика 
8 дней(я) назад · от Владимир Груздов
Стихи, находки, артефакты
Каталог: Разное 
9 дней(я) назад · от Денис Николайчиков
ГОД КИНО В РОССИЙСКО-ЯПОНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЯХ
9 дней(я) назад · от Вадим Казаков
Несправедливо! Кощунственно! Мерзко! Тема: Сколько россиян считают себя счастливыми и чего им не хватает? По данным опроса ФОМ РФ, 38% граждан РФ чувствуют себя счастливыми. 5% - не чувствуют себя счастливыми. Статистическая погрешность 3,5 %. (Радио Спутник, 19.03.2024, Встречаем Зарю. 07:04 мск, из 114 мин >31:42-53:40
Каталог: История 
10 дней(я) назад · от Анатолий Дмитриев

Новые публикации:

Популярные у читателей:

Новинки из других стран:

LIBMONSTER.RU - Цифровая библиотека России

Создайте свою авторскую коллекцию статей, книг, авторских работ, биографий, фотодокументов, файлов. Сохраните навсегда своё авторское Наследие в цифровом виде. Нажмите сюда, чтобы зарегистрироваться в качестве автора.
Партнёры библиотеки
MALINKI. IN THE VICINITY OF THE MEGALOPOLIS
 

Контакты редакции
Чат авторов: RU LIVE: Мы в соцсетях:

О проекте · Новости · Реклама

Либмонстр Россия ® Все права защищены.
2014-2024, LIBMONSTER.RU - составная часть международной библиотечной сети Либмонстр (открыть карту)
Сохраняя наследие России


LIBMONSTER NETWORK ОДИН МИР - ОДНА БИБЛИОТЕКА

Россия Беларусь Украина Казахстан Молдова Таджикистан Эстония Россия-2 Беларусь-2
США-Великобритания Швеция Сербия

Создавайте и храните на Либмонстре свою авторскую коллекцию: статьи, книги, исследования. Либмонстр распространит Ваши труды по всему миру (через сеть филиалов, библиотеки-партнеры, поисковики, соцсети). Вы сможете делиться ссылкой на свой профиль с коллегами, учениками, читателями и другими заинтересованными лицами, чтобы ознакомить их со своим авторским наследием. После регистрации в Вашем распоряжении - более 100 инструментов для создания собственной авторской коллекции. Это бесплатно: так было, так есть и так будет всегда.

Скачать приложение для Android